Statistical Optimization of Chemo Sonic Liquefaction in Macroalgae for Biohydrogen Generation—An Energy-Effective Approach

In this study, a combined pretreatment method of sonication and alkali (KOH) liquefaction (SAL) was used to increase the production biohydrogen from macroalgae (Chaetomorpha antennina) in an energy-efficient manner. Sonication (SL) accomplished by varying sonic intensities 10% 70% time 5 60 min. The ideal conditions SL were determined be 50% for intensity, 30 min which produces liquefied organics (LO) release 2650 mg/L. By adjusting pH 8 12, SAL carried out under optimal conditions. With efficiency 24.61% LO 3200 mg/L, 11 best effective macroalgal SAL. (4500 kJ/kg TS) consumed less ultrasonic specific energy (USE) than (9000 TS). More VFA produced (2160 mg/L) (1070 mg/L). Compared (120 mL H2/g COD/0.005 moles COD), most 141 COD/0.006 COD. increases release, ultimately results additional 15% increment compared SL, along with 44.4% savings. Overall, efficient production.